Basis of calculations and definitions

The reporting period covers the period from January 1 to December 31, 2025.

The environmental metrics include all sites and companies in Comet’s scope of consolidation as listed in the annual report. Compared to the 2024 reporting period, the companies within the scope of consolidation remain unchanged.

Comet has not made any changes to the set of sites included in the calculation of environmental indicators for fiscal year 2025, relative to the previous year.

Environmental metrics that had been reported for the year 2024 in the 2024 annual report are restated in this 2025 report if the deviations from the actual values were significant, meaning if they exceeded ±10% of the total reported values.

With the exception of the Flamatt site in Switzerland, which is owned by Comet, all of the company’s other sites are leased. As a result of these leases, not all the necessary data on energy consumption for the financial year is available in time for the end of the reporting period.

To obtain a comprehensive overview of energy consumption at these locations, the data collection for Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions calculations is based on various sources, including invoices received throughout the year, extrapolations based on the latest available data, or estimates derived from the previous year’s values. The figures reported are based on data collection and extrapolation for 2025, with a closing date in mid-January 2026.

Scope 1 and Scope 2 data are collected on an ongoing basis, with monthly granularity. The data is reviewed twice annually. The first review supports the annual report, with data collection closing in mid-December ahead of the year-end; any data gaps are filled using estimates. The second review supports CDP reporting, during which estimates are replaced with actual data wherever available.

For sites where 100% of electricity is purchased from low-carbon sources, the share of clean electricity is calculated based on certificates or specific supply contracts. This is the case for Flamatt (Switzerland), San Jose (USA), Hamburg (Germany), Aachen (Germany) and Copenhagen (Denmark). For other sites, the share of clean electricity is determined using information from the IEA and other national statistics from publicly available sources.

Internal data logs, external invoices and information from service providers, as well as data provided by landlords, are used to record water consumption, waste volumes and energy consumption for heating and vehicles. If such sources are not available, values are estimated.

Under the GHG Protocol, only CO₂ is relevant for Comet, as emissions of the other six greenhouse gases are negligible in this context. In addition, any residual emissions from these gases are already accounted for in the emission factors of the respective energy sources, as these factors are reported in CO₂ equivalents.

Plausibility checks of the reported data are systematically ensured through year-over-year comparisons. For each data collection, as described in the “Data sources and data collection” section, those responsible for site data check the values against the figures for the reporting year to date and the previous year. Any discrepancies identified are reported to the ESG team. In the event of values outside a tolerance of ± 20%, a detailed review is carried out. The ESG team then works with the respective site managers to check, clarify and correct such data points.

Data collected is converted to energy quantities. Energy values are then converted into carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e) by multiplying them by the corresponding emission factors. Both calculation steps are performed within specialized software. This process complies with the guidelines of the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard by the WRI/WBCSD. For Scope 2, the default accounting method is the market-based approach. Further details about calculation methods and sources for both Scopes 1 and 2 are described below.

For the calculation of Scope 1 emissions, i.e., direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the company, the specific consumption data is aggregated and calculated using the emission factors published by the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS), the “UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting" issued in 2021. These emission factors will be updated in 2026 to ensure accuracy.

For the location-based Scope 2 emissions, which represent the indirect emissions from the Group’s electricity consumption at its sites, the calculation is carried out by multiplying the specific consumption data with the country-specific energy mixes, based on Our World in Data (OWID) 2025 datasets, which contain energy statistics for 2023.

For the market-based Scope 2 emissions, which are emissions calculated based on the contracted energy mixes available on the market, the emission factors are updated annually based on available electricity contracts and certificates of origin. For sites that do not have a certificate of origin or an electricity contract with a specific product, the residual electricity mix applies, which is more carbon-intensive than the country location-based mix. The emission factors for the residual mix of these countries are sourced directly from the Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB). For countries where no credible residual mixes are available, the country-specific grid mix is applied as a proxy.

In the market-based approach, the emissions are calculated by taking into account the mix of electricity that is actually purchased and the emission factors of the respective technology. For both the market-based and location-based approaches, the technology-specific emission factors are taken from "Intep Treibhausgas-Emissionsfaktoren für den Gebäudesektor, Bestimmung von Emissionsfaktoren nach den Bilanzierungsregeln der KBOB und des GHG-Protocols, Version 1.2 vom 23.08.2022".

Ernst & Young Ltd (EY) provided limited assurance on selected performance metrics presented in this ESG report. All assured data is marked in the ESG report as "Data externally assured (limited assurance)" (see assurance report for details).

Clean electricity/energy refers to electricity/energy sources characterized by low emissions of greenhouse gases and other harmful substances during their generation or use, such as wind, hydro, solar, or nuclear.

Renewable electricity/energy is derived from sources that are naturally replenished on a human time scale. The classification as renewable focuses on the effectively inexhaustible nature of these electricity sources rather than on their environmental impact alone.

Employees: Individuals in an employment relationship and on the company’s payroll according to national law or practice. This excludes individuals performing work on another basis, such as consultants, contractors, agency workers, or the self-employed.

Permanent employees: Employees with a contract that is not limited by time and/or by the completion of a specific assignment and whose expiry requires certain measures on the part of the employee or employer in accordance with national law or practice.

Temporary employees: Employees with a contract for a limited period of time (fixed-term contract) that ends when the defined time period expires or a specific assignment is completed.

Full-time employees: Employees whose working hours are defined for a given period in accordance with national laws or practices.

Management levels: Management levels are based on our global grading structure. The following levels are defined: Employees, Middle Management, Senior Management, and Executive Committee.

Board of Directors: All members of the Board of Directors of Comet Holding AG.

Executive Committee (EC): All members of the Executive Committee of the Comet Group.

Regions: Europe (Denmark, Germany, Switzerland); Asia (China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan); North America (Canada, USA).

Turnover rate: Rate of departures of permanent employees (voluntary and involuntary departures combined).

Voluntary turnover rate: Rate of departures of permanent employees who left the organization voluntarily, i.e., on their own initiative and without it being foreseeable by the company.

Calculation of turnover rate: Total number of departures of permanent employees as a percentage of average headcount of permanent employees during the year.

Calculation of voluntary turnover rate: Number of voluntary departures of permanent employees as a percentage of average headcount of permanent employees during the year.

New entries rate: Rate of arrival of newly hired permanent employees.

Calculation of new entries rate: Total number of newly hired permanent employees as a percentage of average headcount of permanent employees during the year.

Calculation of the ratio of females in management: Number of females in Middle Management, Senior Management, and Executive Committee as a percentage of the total number of individuals employed at the respective levels.